In this paper，a microdisplacement measurement system based on the fiberoptic Fabry-Perot( FP) interference principle is designed and implemented．The system comprises an ASE broadband light source，a fiber optic circulator，a custommade FP sensing probe，an arrayed waveguide grating( AWG) multiplexer，a photoelectric conversion module，a data acquisition card，and a selfdeveloped LabVIEW demodulation program．By demodulating the wavelength difference between adjacent interference dips，the change in the FP cavity length is retrieved，thereby enabling absolute measurement of microdisplacement． Experimental results demonstrate that the system exhibits excellent linearity within the measurement range of 50～500 μm，with a linearfitting slope between measured and theoretical values close to unity( 0．995 89) and a coefficient of determination Ｒ 2 as high as 0．999 966．Analysis of the system stability under different initial cavity lengths and the repeatability of measurements reveals that selecting an appropriate initial cavity length can effectively improve the measurement accuracy of the system．

The unbalanced DC bridge method is an important foundation for non-electrical quantity measurement technology and is widely used in university physics experimental teaching and engineering measurement practice． Addressing the issue that the traditional experimental method using a linear approximation formula for NTC thermistors( such as the MF51type) introduces significant principle errors overa wide temperature range( especially at the high-temperature end) ，this paper proposes an improved method based on an accurate model and carries out a standardized uncertainty evaluation．Based on the JJF 1059．1—2012Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement specification，an accurate mathematical
inversion model for the voltage output method based on Thevenin' s theorem was established，effectively
eliminating the method errors introduced by linear approximation．The combined standard uncertainty arising
from Type A and Type B evaluations was determined using the GUM method．Furthermore，by comparing 1．5 V
low-voltage supply with 5． 0 V conventional supply conditions，the impact of the self-heating effect was
quantitatively analyzed，verifying the necessity of low-voltage supply in suppressing systematic errors． The
experimental results show that in the temperature range of 25．0 ℃ to 65．0 ℃，after adopting the nonlinear
inversion model，the relative expanded uncertainty of the measurement system is stable within the range of
0．12% to 0．13%( Note: this evaluation excludes the uncertainty of temperature measurement) ; in contrast，the
systematic deviation produced by the traditional linear approximation method exceeds 40% at 65．0 ℃． The
material constant of the thermistor obtained based on the improved model is 3 946 K，with a relative deviation
from the nominal value of only －0．1%．This study provides an operable teaching demonstration for nonlinear
model correction and standardized uncertainty processing in unbalanced bridge experiments．

 Based on the principles of Abbe imaging and spatial filtering，a thermal infrared 4f optical imaging
system was constructed，and the principles of low-pass and high-pass spatial filtering of thermal infrared light
were experimentally verified．By building a thermal infrared 4f optical filtering system and varying the diameters
of the low-pass and high-pass filters，the spatial spectral components of the thermal infrared images could be
controlled，thereby obtaining reconstructed images with different information components． Indicators such as
grayscale values，sharpness，and information entropy of the images before and after spatial filtering were
analyzed to quantify the impact of different filter sizes on image quality． This experiment verified the
effectiveness of Abbe imaging and spatial filtering theory in thermal infrared imaging．Through the adjustment of
spatial spectra，it helps students understand concepts related to spatial filtering and spatial frequency，and
broadens the application of information optics principles in the thermal infrared spectrum．

 Under the general case of coexisting equal-inclination and equal-thickness interference in Michelson
interferometer，the generalized curve equation of interference fringes is derived rapidly and concisely using an
improved mathematical approach．Types of interference fringes are systematically categorized via discriminant
analysis．Additionally，the characteristic radial fringe density gradient( sparser center to denser periphery) in
equal-inclination patterns and micro-curvature in linear fringes of equal-thickness patterns are rigorously
demonstrated and analyzed． The new derivation method exhibits greater generality，conciseness，and
completeness，serving as a valuable reference and basis for deepening theoretical understanding of classical
physics experiments，designing innovative experimental instruments，advancing teaching reforms，and promoting
scientific research．

 Fourier transform holography is a fundamental and classic optical project in modern physics experiment，which can offer deep understanding and flexible application of spatial spectrum，Abbe's imaging principle，and spatial filtering．In this work，a modified holographic setup was designed and constructed．An annular reference beam was employed to directly interfere with the high-frequency components on the spatial plane．This approach enables simultaneous high-pass spatial filtering during recording，thereby enhancing the edge sharpness in the reconstructed image．Experimental results demonstrate that the annular reference beam suppresses the low-frequency components significantly and improves the edge contrast for both simple andcomplex objects．Therefore，a marked improvement in the edge contrast of the reconstructed image is achieved．

 To better understand the laws of gas-liquid two-phase flow in university physics and address the
observation issues related to the dynamic behavior of bubbles in gas-liquid two-phase flow( such as generation，
expansion，aggregation，and breaking) ，a free-space suspended bubble breaking experimental platform was
designed to study the behavioral characteristics，influencing factors，and liquid film curling patterns during the
breaking phase，and to explore the mechanism of bubble breaking．The experimental results show that the design
of this experimental system is reasonable and meets the research needs． It has a good promoting effect on
improving students' experimental skills and learning abilities，innovative thinking，and scientific literacy．It is
beneficial to teachers' teaching and research work，facilitates the integration of teaching resources and
methods，and has certain theoretical and practical significance for promoting teaching and research in related
fields．

 Here，we design a new physics experiment project focusing on the noise characteristics of PN
junctions by using the lock-in amplifier，which can be used in the physics experiment education courses，
undergraduate research projects，innovation training，competition projects，etc． With the lock-in amplifiers
OE1022D，a systematic static noise voltage measurement was performed on the typical Zener diode under a
condition of zero bias voltage，ranging from 0．1 Hz to 102 kHz at several selected inner reference frequencies．In
addition，the noise power calculating methods were also discussed，followed with a systematic analysis on the
frequency-dependent noise characteristics．This project underwent teaching practice and exploration in modern
physics experiments，physics experiment innovation competitions，and research training，effectively boosting
students' understanding and cognition on semiconductor materials，devices physics，noise，performance，physical
properties，and their interrelationships．

When an ultrasonic wave propagates in a liquid，periodic modulation occurs in the density and
refractive index of the liquid．This modulation establishes a quantitative mathematical relationship between the
liquid's bulk modulus，elastic coefficient，longitudinal viscosity coefficient and the propagation velocity and
attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic wave．Based on the acousto-optic effect，the mathematical expressions for
several mechanical parameters of the liquid are derived．The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient in
the liquid are measured by using an ultrasonic grating，and then the bulk modulus，elastic coefficient and
longitudinal viscosity coefficient of the liquid are further obtained． Compared with traditional measurement
methods，the proposed method has the advantages of non-contact，high precision and real-time measurement．

A two-dimensional planar variable-angle incident phonon crystal bandgap characteristic measurement system was designed and constructed using a dual-arm rotatable platform．The frequency response characteristics of phonon crystals were tested on this system，and the test results were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations． The upper boundary of the bandgap slightly shifted towards the low-frequency direction．When the incident Angle is less than 30 degrees，the bandgap width of the phonon crystal shows a slow changing trend as the incident Angle increases，and remains stable overall．When the incident Angle is large，the bandgap width shows a significant and rapid decreasing trend as the incident Angle increases，accompanied by obvious fluctuations．When the fill rate varies from 0．44 to 0．68，the band gap width increases slightly as the fill rate increases． The comparison between experimental and theoretical results verified the
reliability of the device．

 Traditional manual measurement of optical wedge interference parameters suffers from significant
experimental errors due to human factors，along with operational complexity and low efficiency．This article
proposes an intelligent measurement method to efficiently extract wedge interference parameters． Based on
machine vision and adaptive image processing techniques，the OTSU threshold segmentation is employed to
identify bright and dark regions of interference fringes，and the SUSAN operator is used for edge detection，
enabling precise localization of fringe spacing and accurate measurement． Multiple experimental results
demonstrate that the intelligent measurement system achieves relative errors of all physical parameters below
0．50%，with a response time of only 2．7 seconds per measurement．The intelligent measurement method exhibits
high precision and stability in extracting wedge parameters． It not only enhances students' experimental
efficiency and deepens their understanding of light interference principles but also plays a significant role in
stimulating learning interest and enriching experimental course content．

 Among the numerous research literature on photovoltaic modules，some have presented the output
current-output voltage curves and output power-output voltage curves under different irradiance conditions．
Other studies have investigated the relationships between the output voltage，output current，output power of
photovoltaic modules and load resistance．Existing research has explored the output characteristics of solar cells
under various shading conditions and clarified the correlations among output voltage，output current and output
power under different shading scenarios． However，few studies have revealed the relationships between the
output voltage，output current，output power of photovoltaic modules and load resistance under different shading
conditions．This paper briefly addresses this issue．The results show that under the same irradiance intensity，the
output current，output voltage and output power of the photovoltaic module decrease gradually with an increase
in the shading ratio under horizontal shading．Under vertical shading，these parameters drop rapidly，even to
zero，as the shading ratio increases．In addition，we compared the effects of horizontal and vertical shading on
the load characteristics of photovoltaic modules at the same shading ratio and found that the two shading modes
lead to significant differences in load characteristics．It is expected that this study can provide guidance for the
practical application of photovoltaic modules in production and daily life．

 This study presents an integrated experimental device composed of an experimental optical path，an
axial magnetic field generator，and a detection and calculation unit，which can realize the simultaneous
measurement of optical rotation and magneto-optical rotation effects．Using this device，the linear relationship
between the optical rotation angle of glucose solution and concentration is verified，as well as the linear
relationships between the magneto-optical rotation angles of glucose and sodium chloride solutions and
concentration and magnetic induction intensity．The linear variation of their Verdet constants with concentration
is also confirmed．At 20 ℃，the specific optical rotations of glucose solution at 632．8 nm and 465 nm are
measured to be 48．40±0．41 and 90．23±0．78，with a relative error of approximately 3%．The relative errors of
the Verdet constants of glucose solution and saturated sodium chloride solution compared with the reference
values are 3．1% and 4．88%，respectively，and the measurement accuracy can reach 10 mT( 100 Gs) ．The
experimental device has a simple structure，clear experimental phenomena，wide applicability，high
measurement accuracy and strong anti-interference ability． It presents good practicability and application
prospects for solution concentration measurement，chiral substance detection and other experiments in college
physics teaching．

to deepen the integration of electromagnetic theory with modern wireless power transfer technology
and address the issues of fixed parameters and insufficient inquiry in traditional transformer experiment
teaching，this paper designs and develops a highly modular，multi-parameter adjustable experimental instrument
for studying tightly-coupled transformer characteristics．the device integrates four core modules: precise air-gap
adjustment for the magnetic core，flexible coil structure replacement，bilateral resonant capacitor matching，and
interchangeable magnetic core materials．this enables independent control and real-time measurement of key
variables such as operating frequency，load impedance，coupling strength，and coil geometry． based on this
platform，systematic investigations were conducted on the influence laws of magnetic core gap distance，
operating frequency，load impedance，and coil side length on the energy transfer efficiency of the transformer．
experimental results indicate that: the transfer efficiency decays exponentially with increasing magnetic core
gap; a distinct efficiency peak exists near the bilateral resonant frequency; an optimal matching point exists for
the load impedance; and the coil geometry exhibits a non-monotonic influence on efficiency．this instrument
introduces cutting-edge technology into fundamental experiments． it features a compact structure，intuitive
operation，and strong expandability，effectively promoting students' in-depth understanding of electromagnetic
coupling mechanisms，resonance principles，and system optimization design． it serves both teaching
demonstration and scientific research exploration functions，providing an advanced practical platform for
innovative physics experiment teaching in universities．

 To address the limitations of traditional mirage demonstration devices，such as complex operation or
slow imaging，this study designed and developed a novel mirage demonstration device based on a glycerol
temperature gradient field． The device rapidly establishes a stable temperature gradient within the glycerol
medium by employing a U-shaped heating tube at the top and a semiconductor cooling plate at the bottom．Light
undergoes total reflection within this temperature gradient field，thereby producing a clear superior mirage
phenomenon．This device is characterized by its distinct phenomenon，simple operation，and rapid imaging．This
device is characterized by clear phenomena，easy operation，and fast imaging． It provides an intuitive
demonstration of mirage formation and enhances understanding of the principles of refraction，total internal
reflection，and the underlying causes of mirages．

With the rapid development of smart logistics，intelligent logistics robots have become critical
equipment for enhancing operational efficiency．However，challenges such as poor environmental adaptability，
low grasping reliability，and high energy consumption persist．This paper presents the design of an intelligent
logistics robot system based on multimodal perception and adaptive grasping． The hardware integrates
multimodal sensors，including grayscale sensors，laser rangefinders，pressure sensors，and a machine vision
module，significantly optimizing the spatial layout．For motion control，a PID algorithm enables high-precision
path tracking and autonomous obstacle navigation in confined spaces．For grasping operations，a three-state
finite-state machine( FSM) for grasping，combining laser ranging and pressure sensing，implements a weight-
adaptive algorithm to ensure safe，efficient，and nondestructive clamping．Experimental results in a simulated
logistics environment demonstrate the system's robust stability，high recognition accuracy，and reliable grasping
success rate，thereby improving the robot' s operational stability，reliability，and adaptability to various
scenarios，which is of positive significance for advancing logistics automation．

 As a critical component of modern road safety and traffic management systems，license plate
recognition systems demand both strong real-time performance and high recognition accuracy．Based on the
analysis and research of license plate recognition technology，this paper designs an intelligent license plate
detection and recognition system implemented on an FPGA platform．The system employs algorithms including
image acquisition，color space transformation，edge detection，erosion and dilation，and convolution matching．It
achieves rapid capture and precise localization/recognition of license plates even under relatively complex
lighting conditions．Characterized by low resource consumption，strong real-time capability，and high accuracy，
this work holds significant research value for the advancement of modern transportation systems．

 The Fourier transform property of a lens has been widely applied in optical experiments．However，for
beginners，this property is often difficult to understand，especially the influence of the lens aperture size on the
spectral distribution of an object ( such as the vignetting effect) ． At present，intuitive simulation-based
demonstrations of this effect are still lacking． To address this issue，this paper calculates the optical field
distribution after a lens based on Fresnel diffraction and employs numerical simulations to illustrate the Fourier
transform property of a lens，with particular emphasis on the effect of the lens aperture size on this property．
Specifically，we investigate the characteristics of the spectral distribution at the back focal plane under plane-
wave illumination，the influence of the object's position relative to the lens on the spectral distribution，and the
effect of the lens aperture size on the object's spectral distribution．Through numerical simulation studies，
students can develop a more concrete and intuitive physical understanding of the Fourier transform properties of
lenses．

 In response to the requirements of multi-source sensor signal acquisition and front-end processing in
intelligent meteorological monitoring system，this paper designs and implements a multi-channel data
acquisition and processing unit based on a Field-Programmable Gate Array( FPGA) and digital-analog circuits．
The system integrates analog-to-digital converters( ADCs) ，multi-channel analog switches，and display decoding
circuits to realize a complete signal acquisition and processing architecture．To accommodate sensor signals with
varying update rates，a dual-mode intelligent polling algorithm—supporting both“normal sampling”and“fast
scanning”—is proposed．This algorithm automatically switches among，digitizes，and processes real-time analog
sensor signals—including temperature，humidity，and gas concentration． The design features a simplified
hardware structure，a clear logical architecture，and strong scalability of functional modules．It is suitable for
multi-sensor data acquisition applications in low complexity domains such as meteorological and environmental
monitoring，and can also serve as a representative case study for experimental teaching and foundational
engineering training in electronic engineering at colleges and universities．

 With the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy，cultivating high-
quality talents with innovative capabilities has become the core task of higher education． As an important
practical basic course for science and engineering students，college physics experiments play an irreplaceable
role in fostering students' innovative thinking，practical ability and scientific literacy．In response to the existing
problems and demands in current college physics experiment teaching，this paper proposes an innovative
teaching mode featuring " step-by-step progression and hierarchical cultivation"． By reconstructing the
experimental teaching content system，innovating teaching methods and means，and improving the diversified
evaluation mechanism，the transformation from knowledge imparting to capability cultivation is realized．This
study provides a reference for the teaching reform of college physics experiments in universities．

 The experiment of solar cell is an essential component of modern physics laboratory courses，
integrating core concepts from semiconductor physics and materials science．It not only aligns with the national
" dual carbon" strategy，but also embodies rich ideological and educational value． However，for most
universities，large-scale implementation of such experimental teaching still faces challenges such as high
equipment costs and limited experimental conditions． Moreover，traditional teaching approaches exhibit a
disconnect between theory and practice in guiding students to understand the relationship between device
structure and performance．To address these issues，the simulation software SCAPS-1D was introduced into
university physics experiments and new energy materials courses，providing a feasible approach and a new
pathway for teaching innovation．With the aid of a virtual simulation platform，students can construct solar cell
models，adjust key parameters，and analyze performance variations，thereby achieving an intuitive understanding
of physical principles and enabling preliminary exploration of cutting-edge research topics． To evaluate the
effectiveness of this teaching approach，a comparative analysis of student performance distributions before and
after the introduction of simulation-based instruction( both pre-class and in-class) was conducted．The results
show that the proportion of low-performing students ( ＜ 60) decreased from 33． 3% to 16． 7%，while the
proportion of high-performing students( ≥80) increased from 16．7%to 43．3%．These findings indicate that
simulation-assisted teaching significantly enhances students' understanding of key concepts such as the
photovoltaic effect and current-voltage characteristics，thereby effectively improving teaching quality and
learning outcomes．