Bubbles play an important role in life and industrial equipment． The breakup of bubbles shows
specific acoustic characteristics．Studying its acoustic characteristics can effectively reveal the essence of bubble
breakup and provide theoretical basis for engineering applications such as gas-liquid two-phase flow condition
monitoring and fluid equipment condition diagnosis．The acoustic characteristics of suspended bubbles breaking
in free space were investigated by experimental methods．The acoustic characteristic curves of bubble breaking
under different bubble characteristics were discussed，and the parameters such as characteristic frequency and
characteristic sound pressure level were obtained．The results show that the sound pressure signal of bubble
breaking presents large positive amplitude and small negative amplitude in time domain，and obvious
characteristic frequency and sound pressure level in frequency domain．Both liquid film thickness and bubble
size have obvious effects on the acoustic characteristics of bubble rupture，while viscosity has little effect．This
investigation provides a theoretical basis for the acoustic law of bubble breaking and its engineering
application，which is expected to promote the development of experimental teaching in the field of aeroac-
oustics．

Water surface evaporation in windless environment was measured by wedge interference．Compared
with precision balance method，the results measured by wedge interference were slightly smaller，and the
fluctuation of data was slightly larger．But evaporation container was no need to be moved during the measurement
process of wedge interference．The measurement operations did not interfere with water surface evaporation．So，the
results of wedge interference are more accurate and reliable．The measurement of water surface evaporation by
wedge interference not only has high accuracy，but also is unaffected by operations．The measured evaporation
time can be shortened to less than 10 minutes．Wedge interference method realizes measurement of short-time-
interval water surface evaporation without operation interference in windless environment．

This article takes the eleventh National College Student Physics Experiment Competition's problem
statement "Exploring Energy Conversion in Electromagnetic Induction Phenomenon" as the entry point，and
constructs a simulation and experimental research system for a magneto-resistive single-stage coil electro-
magnetic launcher．By systematically optimizing the inner diameter of the bullet，its initial position，and the coil
energization time，the energy conversion efficiency is significantly improved，revealing the advantages of multi-
parameter collaborative optimization．At the same time，based on the positive piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric
ceramics，a set of driving coil recoil kinetic energy recovery devices is designed，and its feasibility is verified．
This research transforms competition content into comprehensive exploratory physics experiment projects，
effectively promoting students' deep understanding of physical principles such as electromagnetic induction and
energy conservation，and enhancing their experimental design and innovative analysis abilities．

Based on MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI)technology，a fully functional visualization and
simulation platform for Newton rings was constructed．Adjustable parameter modules，including contact spacing
d，interface reflectivity，central point light intensity，and radial light intensity distribution，were added to help
students gain an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the influence mechanism and physical essence
of Newton rings interference，which effectively makes up for the limitations of traditional experiments in terms
of parameter regulation．

Precise micro-displacement measurement is a foundational technology in advanced manufacturing
and scientific research．This paper presents a high-precision measurement system driven by gas expansion and
detected via the Hall effect．The system generates displacement by heating a sealed gas chamber to trigger
quasi-isobaric expansion，which moves a syringe piston． A Hall element is positioned within a non-uniform
magnetic field produced by a current-carrying circular coil;its output voltage varies with the position，enabling
indirect displacement measurement． The data，processed by an AD7606 ADC module and an STM32
microcontroller，is transmitted to a host computer via an HC-05 Bluetooth module．To account for deviations
between real and ideal gases，the van der Waals equation is introduced to refine the theoretical model．The
experimental results indicate that the system can stably measure millimeter-scale small displacements． The
minimum output readout interval is 0．2 mm，and the measured displacement range is 0 ～ 4．7 mm under the
experimental conditions，with a relative uncertainty of 5．8%．

The polarization intensity (P)of dielectrics is a core concept in electromagnetism teaching，but its
microscopic Abstract:ness and weak signal make it difficult to measure directly in traditional experiments．This
experiment，based on the pyroelectric effect，uses ferroelectric ceramic materials to capture the depolarization
current (I P ) during slow heating． Through time integration，the variation of polarization intensity with
temperature is quantitatively obtained． This experiment integrates thermal and electromagnetic knowledge，
helping students understand the physical concept of polarization and cultivating their ability to handle weak
signals and process experimental data．

Breakthroughs have been made in artificial intelligence technologies including reasoning，multimodal
processing，intelligent agents，image recognition and object detection．These advances will profoundly transform
the content and implementation of physical experiments，making the integration of AI into physical experiments
an imperative．The YOLO series models，a key branch of AI technology，are widely applied and deliver excellent
performance in image recognition and object detection．In the falling-ball method for measuring the viscosity
coefficient of liquid，observations and image recording traditionally rely entirely on manual operation．Major
challenges include objectively judging whether the ball falls vertically，eliminating parallax errors and reducing
timing deviations． By introducing YOLOv5 into the conventional falling-ball experiment for liquid viscosity
coefficient measurement，we realize automatic recognition，trajectory tracking and velocity calculation of the
falling ball．Images are captured in real time by a high-definition industrial camera．Combined with the pre-
trained YOLOv5model，the system can accurately extract the position data of the ball and calculate the viscosity
coefficient based on Stokes' law． Experimental results demonstrate that this system greatly improves
measurement accuracy and efficiency．It can also identify the deflection of the falling trajectory． This study
provides a feasible approach for the interdisciplinary integration of physical experiments and artificial
intelligence，and boasts great potential for promotion in teaching and application in scientific research．

Under teaching experimental conditions，a simplified physical model of a Wirtz pump was developed
based on isothermal gas compression and multistage pressure transfer． Controlled-variable experiments were
carried out to examine the effects of driving speed，pipe diameter，number of spiral coils，and spiral radius on
the variation trends of the output head．The results show that the system exhibits a distinct optimal driving
speed，significant coupling between structural and operating parameters，and typical nonlinear responses to
parameter variations． The experimental trends are qualitatively consistent with the theoretical model． The
proposed experimental system provides a teaching-oriented platform for illustrating pressure amplification，
parameter sensitivity，and complex fluid behavior in medical physics and interdisciplinary medical-engineering
education．

Inspired by Malus' s Law，an optical path is designed in the Faraday rotation experiment to
simultaneously collect optical power data of two light beams:one passing through a magneto-optical crystal and
the other bypassing it．Plotting these two datasets yields an elliptical pattern．The shape of the ellipse reflects the
phase difference between the two optical paths，which has a quantitative relationship with the magneto-optical
rotation angle of the sample．The Verdet constant of the sample can be obtained by measuring the magneto-
optical rotation angles under different magnetic fields using the above phase-comparison method．Compared with
the commonly used double-extinction method for measuring rotation angles in teaching，this new method does
not require recording the specific readings of the analyzer and is unaffected by the angular precision of
polarizers．Meanwhile，the phase-comparison method can deepen students' understanding of the polarization
characteristics of light and provide a supplementary experimental approach for measuring the Verdet constant of
media．

X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)technology is a core method for microcomponent
analysis of materials，and plays an irreplaceable role in cultivating the scientific research ability of
postgraduates majoring in chemistry，materials science and other related disciplines．Aiming at the problems
existing in SEM-EDS teaching in current postgraduate experimental teaching，such as limited class hours，
disconnection between theory and cutting-edge research，fragmented knowledge system and single practical
link，this paper carries out systematic teaching design around SEM-EDS technology，clarifies the teaching
arrangement and assessment standards，and optimizes the whole teaching process．Guided by clear teaching
objectives，the teaching integrates cutting-edge scientific research cases into the basic theoretical teaching of
SEM-EDS to enhance the practicality of the theory;by comparing the differences and connections between
SEM-EDS，TEM-EDS and ICP technologies，it helps students build a three-dimensional knowledge network and
break the predicament of fragmented knowledge． The experimental content innovatively designs two core
modules:unknown sample composition analysis and exploration of element distribution differences under
different accelerating voltages，guiding students to independently explore the influence of experimental
variables．At the same time，" knowledge impartment，ability improvement and value guidance" are integrated
into the whole teaching process to cultivate students' academic integrity and the literacy of scientific and
technological self-reliance and self-improvement．Through systematic teaching design and practice，this paper
effectively solves the pain points of traditional teaching，helps postgraduates consolidate the application
foundation of SEM-EDS，improve their independent scientific research ability，and provides practical reference
and support for the cultivation of high-end scientific research talents．

To address the problems of monotonous experimental carriers and insufficient interdisciplinary
integration in traditional electrical and electronic experiment courses，an Internet of Things-based ball launcher
based on ESP8266 is designed．Taking a microcontroller as the core control unit，the teaching device integrates
key knowledge points of electrical and electronics such as wireless remote communication，motor drive and
steering gear control，covering the entire process of electronic product development including circuit design，
hardware fabrication and assembly，software design and data processing．Experimental results show that the
teaching device can achieve stable and accurate launching of small balls by adjusting the motor speed and
gimbal pitch angle．It can not only meet the teaching requirements of electrical and electronic experiments，but
also help students master the skills of IoT embedded development and improve interdisciplinary engineering
practice and innovation ability．It provides a high-quality carrier for the experimental teaching of electrical and
electronics in colleges and universities，and has high teaching application value and promotion prospects．

By combining polarisation difference measurement with magneto-optical modulation，an anti-
interference differential polarimeter has been developed．This device suppresses fluctuations in the light source
through dual-channel signal differentiation，extracts the alternating current component via magneto-optical
modulation to eliminate ambient light interference，and utilises Python for real-time data processing，enabling
one-click calculation of the specific rotation and solution concentration．Experiments demonstrate that，under
conditions of strong external light interference，the measurement error of this apparatus for glucose solutions
ranging from 0．020～0．400 g/mL is significantly lower than that of conventional methods，making it suitable for
university physics laboratory teaching and the demonstration of physical principles．

To address the limitations of existing angular momentum conservation experimental apparatuses，
such as single-functionality and limited precision，a novel device integrating two modes-" falling-disk mode"
and " slider self-driven mode"-has been developed．The former demonstrates the incorporation process of an
external object system，while the latter illustrates the redistribution of internal mass，thereby enabling
quantitative verification of angular momentum conservation．The extrapolation method is employed to calculate
the angular velocity at the instant of abrupt change in the moment of inertia．Experimental results show that the
relative errors of both modes are less than 5%，confirming the conservation of angular momentum under
conditions of external mass addition and internal mass redistribution． This apparatus combines both
demonstration and measurement functions，providing a comprehensive practical platform for university physics
laboratory teaching．

This project proposes a scheme for measuring minute displacements using spot detection technology
and an improved equal-thickness interference instrument composed of an STM32F103 microcontroller，an k230
camera，and a display screen．Traditional wedge interferometry is limited by manual reading errors and data
processing efficiency，making it difficult to achieve real-time dynamic measurement．In the experiment，a sodium
lamp is used as the light source，and the wedge device forms equal-thickness interference fringes．The improved
scheme introduces an STM32F103 microcontroller as the core controller，combined with a high-resolution
camera to capture real-time images of the interference fringes and transmit them to the PC．Since computer
vision has difficulty determining the direction of movement，spot detection is used in MATLAB to detect the
circular area of the image．On this basis，a pattern matching algorithm is used to enhance the contrast，and then
the moving fringes are automatically counted，and the distance between the bright and dark fringes is measured．
The accuracy of the count is verified by comparing the distances of the bright and dark fringes to calculate the
displacement;at the same time，the direction of the fringe movement is determined． Based on the linear
relationship between the number of moving fringes and the displacement value automatically calculated by the
software，the minute displacement value is calculated in real time．Finally，the calculated minute displacement
and the number of moving fringes are fitted and analyzed using MATLAB to reduce errors．In addition，the
influence of the environment on the measurement system，such as vibration，device moisture，and ambient light，
is considered and overcome． A display screen is equipped to visually present the experimental results and
facilitate real-time monitoring．The improved instrument effectively overcomes the limitations of the traditional
method，significantly improves measurement accuracy and efficiency，and realizes real-time dynamic
measurement of minute displacements．

In order to improve the teaching effect of optical diffraction，a specialized has been developed based
on Unity and Python．Unity is used to realize the integration of interactive interface and function，and the core
computing module is encapsulated by Python，establishing a unified cross-language collaborative architecture
that combines numerical simulation with virtual experimentation． Based on Fourier optics principles，the
software simulates both Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction，enabling flexible parameter adjustment for various
structures such as circular apertures and multi-slit configurations． It also incorporates advanced virtual
experiment modules，including aperture measurement using the half-wave zone method in Fresnel diffraction，
wavelength determination via double-slit Fraunhofer diffraction，and resolution analysis of Langqin grating．The
simulation results demonstrate strong consistency with theoretical predictions，validating the accuracy and
reliability of the software． The software effectively addresses the limitations of traditional experimental
conditions，offering an intuitive，flexible and reliable virtual simulation solution for optical education．

Skin effect is a common electromagnetic phenomenon in engineering．Efficient and accurate research
on it is key to engineering design and optimization．This paper uses the domestic simulation software Simdroid to
study the skin effect of copper conductors，analyzing the influence of alternating current frequency on current
distribution and skin depth．Simulation results show that the current density on the copper conductor cross-
section is obviously concentrated on the surface;with the increase of alternating current frequency，the current
tends to be more concentrated on the surface，and the skin depth decreases． Comparison with theoretical
calculations and results from other simulation software verifies the accuracy and reliability of Simdroid． In
addition，Simdroid can be used to develop a mobile simulation APP with advantages of convenience and easy
operation．This study proves that Simdroid is effective for skin effect research，providing a simple and efficient
approach for its engineering research and supporting the promotion of domestic simulation software in the
electromagnetic field．

A virtual simulation experimental platform for Study of Forced Vibration Using Pohl's Ｒesonance
Apparatus was successfully developed using LabVIEW，enabling digital simulation of the entire process
encompassing free vibration，damped vibration，and forced vibration．The platform provides multi-dimensional
visualizations that intuitively present vibration amplitude，angular velocity，and spectral characteristics，and
stably reproduces typical amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristic curves．The data processing
module leverages the built-in least squares fitting algorithm of LabVIEW to automatically perform curve fitting
and parameter extraction for the pendulum amplitude θ and oscillation period T．Multiple simulation results
demonstrate that the measured values of key parameters such as the damping coefficient，along with the
generated amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristic curves，are in excellent agreement with the
theoretical model，indicating high accuracy and stability of the simulation experiment．This platform replaces the
traditional method of reading data from a screen by observing Abstract:pendulum motion． By employing a
lightweight computer program，it achieves visualization from experimental principles to experimental procedures
and then to experimental data，helping students understand forced vibration phenomena more intuitively．

To address the problem of "theory-industry disconnection" in practical teaching under the emerging
engineering education and to enhance students＇ practical innovation ability，a " Five Innovations" practical
teaching system was constructed following the progressive logic of "innovation awareness → innovative thinking
ability → application innovation ability → collaborative innovation ability → independent innovation ability"，
targeting common issues such as vague objectives of practical innovation cultivation，disconnected teaching
stages，and imperfect assessment mechanisms． Based on the New Energy Materials and Devices major，the
training objectives were established through a diagnostic analysis of 118 students，a phased and multi-level
training model for practical innovation ability was constructed，a diversified practical course assessment
mechanism was established，and a self-developed "Practical Innovation Ability Evaluation Scale" was used for
pre-and post-test comparisons．Practice shows that the system effectively enhances students＇ practical innovation
literacy，with significant improvements in core indicators including innovation ability assessment，further
education and employment quality，and innovation output，and the technical improvement schemes developed
have been preliminarily applied in enterprise production．The system achieves continuous optimization through
the closed-loop mechanism of "diagnosis-objective-implementation-assessment-feedback-iteration"，providing a
referable path for practical teaching reform in similar engineering majors．

Based on the constructivist learning theory，this paper innovatively adopts the teaching mode of
"problem chain guidance+multi-round discussion+practice verification"．Taking the "Hall Effect Experiment"
as a teaching case，it constructs an efficient experimental class of " problem-driven-discussion and inquiry-
practice verification-reflection and optimization"．It guides students to think actively，explore collaboratively and
practice repeatedly，solves the drawbacks of traditional teaching，realizes the coordinated improvement of
experimental skills，scientific thinking and innovative literacy，and provides a new practical path and reference
for the teaching reform of college physics experiment courses．

Based on the perspective of interdisciplinary integration，combining the intersection of physics with
engineering，humanities and social sciences，ecological civilization and other disciplines，this paper clarifies the
core connotation and basic principles of the integration of curriculum ideology and politics，explores the
integration path of " interdisciplinary empowerment，experimental carrier implementation，and full-process
infiltration of education"，and demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the integration mode with
specific experimental examples．Finally，it analyzes the evaluation system and practical effects of educational
effects，providing theoretical reference and practical mode for the high-quality development of curriculum
ideology and politics in college physics experiment courses and the realization of the trinity educational goal of
"knowledge impartment，ability training and value guidance"．