Based on the correlation between the position of the ring in Newton＇s ring interference experiment isrelated to the wavelength of the light source，the two conventional data processing methods，the difference-by-difference method and the least square method，are combined to apply in the experiment that the incident lightwaves with different wavelengths．First，the squared differences of circular ring diameters are calculated usingthe difference method，and then the least square method is used to fit the straight line with the obtained valuesof the squared differences of ring diameters as the vertical coordinate and the incident wavelength as thehorizontal coordinate．The curvature radius of the plano-convex lensis determined by calculating the slope ofthe fitted line．The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the new method and the reliability of theresults．The new method is worthy of popularization and application in other similar interference experiments．

Driven by the demand for advanced materials and information technologies，the development of high-performance photodetectors is a crucial foundation for technological innovation．PbS quantum dots(QDs)havegarnered significantattention in photodetection due to their size-tunable bandgap，high absorption coefficient，and excellent photoelectric properties．However，their performance is limited by surface defects，which inducenon-radiative carrier recombination，thereby degrading the responsivity，detectivity，and stability of the devices．
Halide passivation has emerged as an effective strategy for mitigating these surface states．To bridge scientific
research and undergraduate education，this study designed a comprehensive experimental project exploring
inorganic halide passivation(using CsI and CsBr)for PbS QDs．The research systematically investigates the
influence of passivation on the film structure，optoelectronic properties of PbS QDs，and the performance of
resulting photodetectors．By integrating theoretical instruction with hands-on experimentation，this project aims
to deepen students＇ understanding of surface engineering in quantum dot materials，equipping them with skills
in material fabrication and device characterization．This approach successfully merges cutting-edge knowledge
with practical skills，effectively enhancing students＇ scientific thinking and innovation capabilities．

The optical axis and principal refractive indices are fundamental parameters for understanding the
birefringence behavior of crystals．Conventional measurement methods often suffer from strict sample preparation
requirements，high instrument costs，and complex calculation processes，which hinder their integration into
laboratory courses． This study presents an experimental approach，based on Huygens ＇ principle and
birefringence polarization，for the comprehensive measurement of all birefringence parameters in natural
crystals．The principal refractive index of the ordinary wave(n)is first determined using the law of refraction．
The optical axis orientation is then identified based on the polarization characteristics or the displacement
direction of the birefringent beams． Finally，the principal refractive index of the extraordinary wave(n)is
derived from the beam displacement．Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method offers high
measurement accuracy and excellent setup stability．It facilitates a deeper understanding of crystal birefringence
among students and holds significant value for teaching and broader dissemination．

Spectrometer experiments play an important role in university physics experiments，and thederivation of the minimum deflection angle calculation formula is complex，so it is rarely mentioned in mostphysics experiment textbooks．Based on this，this paper proposes to use two simple methods，function derivationand trigonometric function，to derive and explain the principle of the formula of minimum deflection angle．Inaddition，in view of the shortcomings of the experimental process of finding the minimum deflection angle inconventional physics experiments，such as large blindness and long experimental time，this paper proposes amethod to quickly locate the minimum deflection angle of the triangular prism，the repetition method，which caneffectively improve the accuracy and success rate of the experiment while reducing the experimental difficultyand human uncertainty，simplifying the operation procedure and shortening the experimental time by
coordinating the green cross light source and the objective lens．

Based on the principle of Fraunhofer single-slit diffraction，this study utilizes its optical
magnification effect-capable of converting micron or even nanometer-level slit width changes into millimeter-
level fringe displacements-to construct a multi-functional precision measurement device．
The device boasts the advantages of non-contact operation and high sensitivity．Meanwhile，it is easy to
operate and low in cost，making it suitable for experimental teaching and scientific research．By establishing a
quantitative relationship between the slit width variation and the diffraction fringe displacement，the study
realizes high-precision measurement of parameters such as micro-displacement，Young ＇ s modulus，and
magnetostrictive coefficient． Combined with a self-developed Python intelligent reading program，the device
effectively eliminates manual observation errors and achieves closed-loop control of the "excitation-acquisition-
analysis-output" process．At the same time，a 3D animation simulation system is built with Unity 3D and Matlab
2024a，which visually demonstrates the experimental process and assists in experimental design．Experimental
results show that the uncertainty of the platform in measuring micro-displacement is less than 0．000 5 mm．The
relative deviation between the measured Young＇s modulus of the copper sheet and the theoretical value is less
than 0．3%，and the measured magnetostrictive coefficient is highly consistent with the theoretical value．The
"non-contact-full automation-nano precision" measurement mode constructed in this study provides a reliable
method for measuring material mechanics parameters and promotes the development of low-cost automated
nano-measurement technology．

Targeting micro blind holes with diameters of 0．1～1．0 mm and aspect ratios within 10，this paper
proposes a non-destructive measurement method based on coaxial laser illumination，single-frame imaging，and
image-feature regression．The laser beam is delivered coaxially with the objective through a beam splitter to the
hole bottom，and the reflected light returns along the same axis to the CMOS camera for single-exposure
acquisition．Without z-axis scanning，we extract robust features compatible with the reflection model-such as the
annular bright band，gradient/symmetry cues，and gray-level textures-and build a physics-aware regression from
image features to depth，thereby outputting depth，diameter and aspect ratio． The algorithm automatically
suppresses granular interference and glare，supports ＲOI auto-localization and outlier rejection，and is
integrated into a GUI for batch measurement and one-click reporting．Experiments on stainless-steel blind-hole
arrays(0．1/0．2/0．3 mm)demonstrate tens-of-micrometers accuracy and stable consistency with third-party
metrology，indicating good engineering applicability for array-level online inspection．

Studying the tensile mechanical response characteristics of natural rock samples and bolted rock
samples under different moisture content conditions is of great practical significance．Brazilian splitting tests
were carried out on unbolted and bolted specimens with different moisture contents to analyze the influences of
moisture content and bolts on the tensile strength of the specimens，and to investigate the mechanism by which
bolts inhibit the dilatational tensile failure of surrounding rock in roadways．The results indicate that:(1)The
strength of rock specimens decreases significantly under the hydration effect．(2)Bolts can enhance the tensile
strength of rock specimens;compared with dry specimens，the enhancement effect of bolts on the tensile
strength of water-bearing rock mass is more pronounced．(3)After the tensile failure of the bolted rock mass，
the rock mass still retains a certain load-bearing capacity due to the action of bolts．This study can provide a
reference for the bolt support design of rock roadways under different moisture content conditions．

The rod is a basic physical model，and the non-inverted rod is one of the classical models，such
models focus on the study of the principle of balance and stability of the rod．In this paper，the rod is equipped
with a non-inverted base as the basic model，plus gyroscopic rotor，pendulum damping or viscous damping，
winding coil and the addition of a magnetic field to establish the model，through the composite experiments，
determine the maximum tilt angle and recovery time，the use of Matlab for visualization of the data processing，
reflecting the stability of the rod in different methods．The paper analyzes and calculates the uncertainty of the
rod and derives the reliability of the recovery time of the maximum tilt angle．The results show that the optimal
experimental scheme:the uninclined base + gyroscopic rotor + viscous damping + magnetic field stabilization
method has the best effect on the degree of stabilization of the rod，and can greatly improve the wind resistance
of the rod．

In the field of thermoelectric power generation using semiconductors，how to utilize thermal energy
efficiently and enhance power generation efficiency is a current research focus．This study aims to enhance the
output power and efficiency of semiconductor thermoelectric power generation through the optimization of hot-
end temperature regulation，the development of an integrated data collecting platform，and the implementation
of a dual-chip series arrangement for a custom thermoelectric generator．Ｒesearchers investigate how hot-end
temperature gradients and semiconductor connection techniques affect output current，output voltage，and
maximum output power，which greatly enhances power production efficiency．The experimental results show that
at a hot-end temperature of 331 K，the maximum output power of the double-plate series configuration reaches
1．158 W，about 157% higher than the single plate(0．449 55 W)，and can stably drive low-power devices．
Meanwhile，the goodness of fit between the measured data and the theoretical model is 0．999 255，with a
maximum error of only 0．038 341．This research presents innovative methods for fulfilling educational needs，
exploring thermoelectric power generation in semiconductors，engineering small energy systems，and harnessing
waste heat．

Based on the Zeeman effect，this study introduces changes in magnetic field intensity，diffraction
gratings and spectral analysis to explore the influence mechanism of magnetic field intensity variation on the
shadow intensity of sodium lamps．Through preliminary experiments and formal experiments，the phenomenon of
energy level splitting of sodium atoms in the flame under the action of a magnetic field is verified．Quantitative
analysis of spectra and experimental data reveals the relationship between magnetic field intensity and shadow
brightness．The experimental results show that an increase in magnetic field intensity leads to the splitting of the
absorption spectral lines of sodium atoms，reducing their resonant absorption capacity for the yellow light of
sodium lamps and thus lightening the shadows．Further research involves fitting the shadow brightness data and
applying formulas and methods such as the Zeeman effect energy level splitting formula，which confirms a
positive correlation trend between shadow brightness and magnetic field intensity．

An experimental device for small-sized point discharge with adjustable discharge gap is designed
based on a dual-resonance solid-state Tesla coil．The indirect measurement method was used to measure the
induced voltage on the plate when the distance between the needle tip and the plate changes，and the laws of
point discharge characteristics were systematically studied．The study found that when the distance between the
needle tip and the plate reaches a critical value，there is an obvious abrupt change in the discharge
phenomenon:high-voltage arc discharge occurs when the distance is less than the critical value，while small-
angle spark discharge at the needle tip occurs when the distance is greater than the critical value．The device is
convenient to operate and has intuitive experimental phenomena，making it suitable for university physics
teaching demonstrations and photoelectric characteristic research．

In the fields of precision machining and high-precision scientific experiments，the accurate
measurement of micro-displacement is a core link to ensure the quality of operations and the reliability of
experimental data． Therefore，the development of a micro-displacement measuring instrument with strong
operational portability and economic cost has important practical application value．This paper first introduces
the formation principle and characteristics of Moiré fringes，and based on this theoretical foundation，builds a
portable micro-displacement measuring device．In this device，a camera is used to capture the movement of
fringes，and Python programming on a computer is applied to count the movement distance of Moiré fringes，
thereby realizing fast and accurate measurement of micro-displacement．The entire measuring device has low
cost，while still achieving a measurement accuracy of the micrometer level．

In response to the energy harvesting requirements for rotating machinery scenarios such as bicycles，
a piezoelectric power generation device based on non-contact magnetic coupling was designed and investigated．
This paper elaborates on the structural design，working principle of magnetic coupling，and theoretical model of
the piezoelectric power generation device． Subsequently，through systematic experimental studies，the output
characteristics under varying rotational speeds，impedance matching properties，and energy storage performance
of the device were analyzed．Finally，application experiments involving powering a temperature and humidity
sensor and continuously supplying energy to an Light-Emitting Diode light set by harvesting rotational
mechanical energy from bicycle wheels demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the device in providing
sustained and stable power for practical low-power electronic devices．This study offers a reliable technical
solution for addressing the challenge of autonomous energy supply in low-to medium-speed rotational
environments，showing broad application prospects in self-powered fields such as condition monitoring of
rotating machinery and smart tire systems．

During the teaching of measuring the moment of inertia of a rigid body using a three-wirependulum，it was observed that students often set the swing angle of the lower disk either too large or too small．Meanwhile，phenomena such as transverse swing and wobbling occurred in the lower disk．Based on an analysisof the experimental principles and three-wire pendulum，a scheme to improve the three-wire pendulum isproposed．First，the rotation angle of the driving disk is visualized by calibrating scales，which provides areference for the swing angle of the lower disk．Second，the principle of a plumb line is utilized to level thedriving disk．The improved setup not only facilitates adjustment but also reduces measurement errors．

To overcome the limitations of conventional warehouse environmental monitoring，we developed an
intelligentIoT-based monitoring system employing multi-sensor data fusion．The system adopts a hybrid ZigBee/
NB-IoT wireless architecture and a multi-node sensor network to monitor key environmental parameters(e．g．，
temperature，humidity，illuminance，CO 2 levels，an articulate matter concentration)． A cloud-based adaptive
weighted fusion algorithm optimizes multi-source data processing，enhancing measurement accuracy and system
reliability．Furthermore，a fuzzy logic-based control algorithm facilitates autonomous environmental regulation．
Experimental results validate the system＇s stable hardware performance，robust communication links，and full-
featured remote platform，demonstrating its efficacy in precision environmental monitoring and scalable
management．

Aiming at the pain points of Abstract:teaching and difficult experimental verification in the
"uncertainty principle" section of quantum mechanics(one of the Four Fundamental Mechanics)，this study
integrates first-principles calculation software (VASP)with virtual simulation technology． Specifically，the
VASP software is used to perform quantitative calculations on the ground-state wave function of hydrogen atoms
and the electron position-momentum distribution．Combined with Python visualization tools，dynamic simulation
results are generated，and a four-stage teaching process of " theoretical derivation-computational simulation-
experimental verification-extended application " is designed． This teaching model provides a new
"computational visualization" path for quantum mechanics teaching and offers a replicable practical example
for the application of computational physics tools in middle school physics classrooms．

In order to enhance students＇ in-depth comprehension of electrostatic field experiments and make up
for the shortcomings of existing simulation program such as high cost，limited interactivity，and difficulty in
expansion，a real-time interactive simulation program for electrostatic fields was designed and developed based
on the Python open-source ecosystem．This paper innovatively introduces a real-time measurement mode of
virtual probe，which allows users to obtain spatial electric potential and electric field distribution information by
hovering their mouse．Through adjustable parameter controls，users can investigate the laws of electrostatic field
variation with parameters． In addition，the program provides two calculation modes，analytical solution and
numerical solution，which ensure strong scalability．This paper provides a high-precision，strong interactive，low-
cost，and easily scalable simulation method which can empower college physics experimental teaching．

Aiming at the problems of large human reading errors，low measurement efficiency，and poor
adaptability to non-ideal fringes in traditional Newton ＇ s ring interference experiments，an automatic
measurement method integrating YOLOv8 and image processing technology is proposed．The experiment adopts
a strategy combining coarse localization and fine fitting to achieve center localization:first，the YOLOv8 model
is used to quickly locate the center region，followed by sub-pixel-level precise localization through weighted
least squares method．With the center as the reference，grayscale values are sampled radially along multiple
directions，and the edges of dark rings at various levels are identified by combining threshold judgment．Finally，
the radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens is calculated based on the principle of equal-thickness
interference．Using a plano-convex lens with a standard curvature radius of 1 021 mm as the test subject，the
identified result is 1 019．7 mm，with a relative error of less than 0．13%．The total time required for a single
measurement is approximately 4．2 min．

Against the backdrop that the construction of new engineering puts forward higher requirements for
the cultivation of interdisciplinary and innovative talents，the traditional teaching model of college physics
courses，which "emphasizes theory while neglecting application"，can hardly meet the current needs．This paper
proposes an innovative teaching model of " Project-Based Learning (PBL) + Application of Physics
Principles"．With specific course content as the carrier，this model effectively improves students＇ core physics
literacy and engineering practical abilities by clarifying project objectives，designing implementation processes，
and establishing a diversified evaluation system．It provides practical references for the reform of college physics
courses under the background of new engineering．

Electromagnetism，as a pivotal branch of physics，holds profound and far-reaching significance．Electric
field strength，a fundamental physical concept in electromagnetism，is often challenging for students to comprehend
due to its Abstract:nature，mathematical complexity，and counterintuitive physical properties，which make it difficult
to visualize the electric field intensity generated by charged objects in space．This paper leverages Mathematica
software to enhance students＇ understanding of electric field distributions generated by charged objects through the
following visualizations:drawing electric field lines of an electric dipole，Plotting the relationship between electric
field strength and distance for a uniformly charged thin rod along its extension line and perpendicular bisector，
creating an animated visualization of the electric field intensity along the axis of a uniformly charged ring．These
approaches aim to improve learning efficiency，familiarize students with advanced digital learning and research tools，
and cultivate their innovative capabilities．